<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">vestvfu</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник Северо-Восточного федерального университета имени М. К. Аммосова</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2222-5404</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-5620</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Северо-Восточный федеральный университет имени М.К. Аммосова</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.25587/2222-5404-2025-22-4-79-93</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">vestvfu-662</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ФИЗИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PHYSICAL SCIENCES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Влияют ли выбросы от сильных пожаров на образование серебристых облаков?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Do emissions from severe fires influence the formation of noctilucent clouds?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6342-6389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тыщук</surname><given-names>О. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyshchuk</surname><given-names>O. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ТЫЩУК Олеся Владимировна – м. н. с.</p><p>ResearcherID: JEZ8765-2023</p><p>г. Якутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesya V. TYSHCHUK – junior researcher</p><p>ResearcherID: JEZ-8765-2023</p><p>Yakutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">oleSmile@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0462-8896</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Томшин</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tomshin</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ТОМШИН Олег Анатольевич – м. н. с.</p><p>ResearcherID: R-9969-2017, Scopus Author ID: 56375103800</p><p>г. Якутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Oleg A. TOMSHIN – junior researcher</p><p>ResearcherID: R-9969-2017, Scopus Author ID: 56375103800</p><p>Yakutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tomshinoa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5361-0334</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стародубцев</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Starodubtsev</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>СТАРОДУБЦЕВ Вадим Сергеевич – м. н. с.</p><p>г. Якутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vadim S. STARODUBTSEV – junior researcher</p><p>Yakutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">starodubjr@ikfia.ysn.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7295-6085</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мордовской</surname><given-names>П. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mordovskoi</surname><given-names>P. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>МОРДОВСКОЙ Петр Григорьевич – к. т. н., в. н. с.</p><p>г. Якутск</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Petr G. MORDOVSKOI – Cand. Sci. (Technical), Leading Researcher</p><p>Yakutsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mordovskoipg@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Институт космофизических исследований и аэрономии им. Ю.Г. Шафера СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Yu.G. Shafer Institute of Cosmophysical Research and Aeronomy of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Якутский научный центр СО РАН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal Research Centre «The Yakut Scientific Centre of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences»</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>22</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>93</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Тыщук О.В., Томшин О.А., Стародубцев В.С., Мордовской П.Г., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тыщук О.В., Томшин О.А., Стародубцев В.С., Мордовской П.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tyshchuk O.V., Tomshin O.A., Starodubtsev V.S., Mordovskoi P.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestvfu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/662">https://vestvfu.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/662</self-uri><abstract><p>В данной работе представлен анализ фотоснимков серебристых облаков, сделанных 30 июня 2021 года над центральной частью Якутии. Они отличались своей яркостью и формой в виде размытых вытянутых параллельных полос из флера и множества перпендикулярных им четких волн. Эти волны на облаках демонстрируют «след» от распространения внутренних гравитационных волн из нижних слоев атмосферы в верхние. Описаны условия образования и наблюдения серебристых облаков. По спутниковым данным Aura MLS о влагосодержании и температуре мезопаузы, вычислена температура замерзания водяного пара. Увеличивающаяся частота обнаружения серебристых облаков взаимосвязана с ростом концентрации метана в атмосфере. Одним из мощных источников выбросов парниковых газов является горение биомассы. Летом 2021 г. в Якутии наблюдались экстремально сильные лесные пожары за последние четыре десятилетия. Об этом свидетельствуют данные зарегистрированных термоточек спутникового прибора MODIS, VIIRS. Возник вопрос: «Влияют ли выбросы от сильных пожаров на образование серебристых облаков?». С этой целью построены карты распределения концентрации метана по данным прибора AIRS с наложением полей ветров по данным реанализа NCEP/NCAR. Сильный антициклон в конце июля 2021 года способствовал интенсификации лесных пожаров и значительному росту содержания метана в атмосфере в центральной части Якутии. Такие метеоусловия и распространение внутренних гравитационных волн могли оказать влияние на вертикальный перенос молекул метана, которые, вероятно в ходе химических реакций в стратосфере, преобразовались в молекулы воды. Увеличение влагосодержания мезопаузы могло быть одной из составляющих причин образования ярких серебристых облаков 30 июня 2021 года. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This paper presents analysis of photographs of noctilucent clouds taken on June 30, 2021, over the central part of Yakutia. They were distinguished by their brightness and shape in the form of blurred elongated parallel stripes of haze and many clear waves perpendicular to them. These waves on the clouds demonstrate a "trace" from the propagation of internal gravity waves from the lower layers of the atmosphere to the upper ones. The conditions for the formation and observation of noctilucent clouds are described. Based on Aura MLS satellite data on moisture content and mesopause temperature, the freezing temperature of water vapor was calculated. The increasing frequency of detection of noctilucent clouds is associated with an increase in the concentration of methane in the atmosphere. One of the powerful sources of greenhouse gas emissions is biomass combustion. In the summer of 2021 in Yakutia, extremely strong forest fires were observed over the past four decades. This is evidenced by the active fire data from MODIS and VIIRS sensors. The question arose: "Do emissions from severe fires affect the formation of noctilucent clouds?" For this purpose, methane concentration distribution maps were constructed based on AIRS data, with wind fields from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. A strong anticyclone at the end of July 2021 contributed to intensification of forest fires and significant increase in the methane content in the atmosphere in central Yakutia. Such meteorological conditions and the propagation of internal gravity waves could have affected the vertical transport of methane molecules, which likely were transformed into water molecules during chemical reactions in the stratosphere. An increase in the moisture content of the mesosphere could have been one of the components of the cause of the formation of bright noctilucent clouds on June 30, 2021.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>серебристые облака</kwd><kwd>мезосфера</kwd><kwd>Aura MLS</kwd><kwd>температура верхней атмосферы</kwd><kwd>влагосодержание верхней атмосферы</kwd><kwd>внутренние гравитационные волны</kwd><kwd>пожары</kwd><kwd>метан</kwd><kwd>тропосфера</kwd><kwd>термоточки</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>noctilucent clouds</kwd><kwd>mesosphere</kwd><kwd>Aura MLS</kwd><kwd>upper atmosphere temperature</kwd><kwd>upper atmosphere moisture content</kwd><kwd>internal gravity waves</kwd><kwd>fires</kwd><kwd>methane</kwd><kwd>troposphere</kwd><kwd>thermal point</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 25-27-20119) Благодарности: Выражаем благодарность за предоставленные снимки серебристых облаков фотографу-любителю – графическому дизайнеру компании MOST Софронову Андрею Андреевичу</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out as part of a project with financial support from the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) (project No. 25-27-20119) Acknowledgments: The authors acknowledge for the provided photographs of noctilucent clouds to amateur photographer and graphic designer of the MOST company Andrey A. Sofronov</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Наблюдения серебристых облаков в СССР. Каталог данных, 1957-1987. Москва: Б. и.; 1989:174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Observations of noctilucent clouds in the USSR Data Cat., 1957-1987. Moscow; 1989: 174 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leslie R. Sky Glows. Nature. 1885;32:245. DOI: 10.1038/032245a0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leslie R. Sky Glows. Nature. 1885;32:245. (in English) DOI: 10.1038/032245a0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цераский В. Избранные работы по астрономии. Москва: Гос. изд-во техн.-теорет. лит.; 1953:196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tseraskii V. Selected works on astronomy. Moscow: Publishing House “Technical and theoretical literature”; 1953:196 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jesse O. Auffallende Abenderscheinungen am Himme. Meteorol. Z. 1885;2:311-312. (на нем. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jesse O. Striking evening phenomena in the sky. Meteorol. Z. 1885;2:311-312. (in German)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kohlrausch W. Zur Höhe der Wolken. Annalen der Physik. 1887;267;(8):1047-1048. (на нем. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kohlrausch W. On the issue of the height of the clouds. Annalen der Physik. 1887;267;(8):1047-1048. (in German)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бронштэн В. Серебристые облака и их наблюдение: Москва: Наука. Главная редакция физико-математической литературы; 1984:128.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronshten V. Noctilucent clouds and their observation: Moscow: Publishing House “Nauka”; 1984:128 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кулик Л.А. К вопросу о связи метеоритов с кометами. Мироведение. 1926;15;(2):173-178.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulik LA. On the connection between meteorites and comets. Mirovedenie. 1926;15;(2):173178 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wegener A. Die Temperatur der obersten Atmosphärenschichten. Meteorol. Z. 1925;42:402-405. (на нем. яз.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wegener A. The temperature of the uppermost atmospheric layers. Meteorol. Z. 1925;42:402-405. (in German)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humphreys W. J. NACREOUS AND NOCTILUCENT CLOUDS. Monthly Weather Review. 1933;61;(8);228-229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1933)61&lt;228:NANC&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humphreys 	W. 	J. 	NACREOUS 	AND 	NOCTILUCENT 	CLOUDS. 	Monthly Weather 	Review. 	1933;61;(8);228-229. 	(in 	English) 	DOI: 	https://doi.org/10.1175/15200493(1933)61&lt;228:NANC&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vestine E. Noctilucent clouds. J. Astron. Soc. 1934;28:49-272,303-317.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vestine E. Noctilucent clouds. J. Astron. Soc. 1934;28:49-272,303-317. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Васильев О. Астрофизические исследования серебристых облаков: Дис. …канд. ф.-м. н. Ленинград; 1967:85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vasiliev O. Astrophysical studies of noctilucent clouds: Dis. Ph.D. Ph.D. Leningrad: 1967:85 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бронштэн В., Гришин Н. Серебристые облака. Москва: Наука; 1970:359.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bronshten V, Grishin N. Noctilucent clouds. Moscow: Publishing House “Nauka”; 1970:359 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Николашкин С.В., Колтовской И.И., Титов С.В. и др. Параметры внутренних гравитационных волн по наблюдениям серебристых облаков в Якутске. Вестник СевероВосточного федерального университета имени М.К. Аммосова. 2024;21(3):50-58. DOI: 10.25587/2222-5404-2024-21-3-50-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolashkin SV, Koltovskoy II, Titov SV, Tyshchuk OV. Parameters of internal gravity waves based on observations of noctilucent clouds in Yakutsk. Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University. 2024;21(3):50-58. DOI: 10.25587/2222-5404-2024-21-3-50-58 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas GE., Olivero J. Noctilucent clouds as possible indicators of global change in the mesosphere. Adv. Space Res. 2001;28;(7):937-946. DOI: 10.1016/S0273-1177(01)80021-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas GE., Olivero J. Noctilucent clouds as possible indicators of global change in the mesosphere. Adv. Space Res. 2001;28;(7):937-946. (in English) DOI: 10.1016/S02731177(01)80021-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lübken F., Berger U., Baumgarten G. On the Anthropogenic Impact on Long‐Term Evolution of Noctilucent Clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2018; 45;(13):6681-6689. DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077719.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lübken F., Berger U., Baumgarten G. On the Anthropogenic Impact on Long‐Term Evolution of Noctilucent Clouds. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2018; 45;(13):6681-6689. (in English) DOI: 10.1029/2018GL077719.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nisbet EG., Dlugokencky EJ., Manning MR. et al. Rising atmospheric methane: 2007–2014 growth and isotopic shift. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2016;30;(9):1356-1370. DOI: 10.17863/CAM.6326. DOI:10.17863/CAM.6326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nisbet EG., Dlugokencky EJ., Manning MR. et al. Rising atmospheric methane: 2007–2014 growth and isotopic shift. Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 2016;30;(9):1356-1370. (in English) DOI: 10.17863/CAM.6326. DOI:10.17863/CAM.6326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бажин Н.М. Метан в окружающей среде. Новосибирск: ГПНТБ СО РАН; 2010;93:56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazhin NM. Methane in the environment. Novosibirsk: Publishing House “State Public Scientific and Technical Library of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”; 2010;93:56 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кислов А.В., Суркова Г.В. Климатология. Москва: НИЦ ИНФРА; 2023:324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kislov AV, Surkova GV. Climatology. Moscow: Scientific Research Center INFRA; 2023:324 (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hurst DF., Dutton GS., Romashkin PA. et al. Closure of the total hydrogen budget of the northern extratropical lower stratosphere. JGR:Atmospheres: Atmospheres. 1999;104;(D7):81918200. DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hurst DF., Dutton GS., Romashkin PA. et al. Closure of the total hydrogen budget of the northern extratropical lower stratosphere. JGR:Atmospheres: Atmospheres. 1999;104;(D7):81918200. (in English) DOI: 10.1029/1998JD100092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evan S., Brioude J., Rosenlof K.H. et al. Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption. Science. 2023;382;(6668):eadg2551. DOI: 10.1126/ science.adg2551.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evan S., Brioude J., Rosenlof K.H. et al. Rapid ozone depletion after humidification of the stratosphere by the Hunga Tonga Eruption. Science. 2023;382;(6668):eadg2551. (in English) DOI: 10.1126/science.adg2551.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X., Geller MA., Zhang M. Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications. JGR:Atmospheres. 2001; 106;(D2):1511-1522. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900472.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X., Geller MA., Zhang M. Cooling trend of the tropical cold point tropopause temperatures and its implications. JGR:Atmospheres. 2001; 106;(D2):1511-1522. (in English) DOI: 10.1029/2000JD900472.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thomas GE., McPeters RD., Jensen EJ. Satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the solar backscattered ultraviolet spectral radiometer: Evidence of a solar cycle dependence. JGR:Atmospheres. 1991; 96; (D1):927-939.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thomas GE., McPeters RD., Jensen EJ. Satellite observations of polar mesospheric clouds by the solar backscattered ultraviolet spectral radiometer: Evidence of a solar cycle dependence. JGR:Atmospheres. 1991; 96; (D1):927-939. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stocker TF., D. Qin, Plattner G.-K. et al. IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. NY: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stocker TF., D. Qin, Plattner G.-K. et al. IPCC, 2013: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. NY: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York; 2013. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eliseev AV. GLOBAL METHANE CYCLE: A REVIEW. Fundamental and Applied Climatology. 2018;1:52-70. DOI: 10.21513/2410-8758-2018-1-52-70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eliseev AV. GLOBAL METHANE CYCLE: A REVIEW. Fundamental and Applied Climatology. 2018;1:52-70. (in English) DOI: 10.21513/2410-8758-2018-1-52-70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Халиков И.С. Формальдегид в атмосферном воздухе: источники поступления и пути удаления. Экологическая химия. 2019;28;(6):307-317. DOI: 10.25996/6854.2024.24.75.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khalikov IS. Formaldehyde in atmospheric air: sources of entry and removal routes. Environmental Chemistry. 2019;28;(6):307-317. (in Russian) DOI: 10.25996/6854.2024.24.75.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ciais P., Sabine C., Bala G. et al. Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. NY: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York; 2013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ciais P., Sabine C., Bala G. et al. Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working group I contribution to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. NY: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York; 2013. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tomshin O., Solovyev V. Features of the Extreme Fire Season of 2021 in Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) and Heavy Air Pollution Caused by Biomass Burning. Remote Sensing. 2022;14;(19):4980. DOI: 10.3390/rs14194980.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tomshin O., Solovyev V. Features of the Extreme Fire Season of 2021 in Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) and Heavy Air Pollution Caused by Biomass Burning. Remote Sensing. 2022;14;(19):4980. (in English) DOI: 10.3390/rs14194980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1996;77;(3):437-471. DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077&lt;0437:TNYRP&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalnay E., Kanamitsu M., Kistler R. et al. The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 1996;77;(3):437-471. (in English) DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077&lt;0437:TNYRP&gt;2.0.CO;2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Андреев П. Мезосферные (серебристые) облака в небе над посёлком Ус-Кюеля, июль 2021 года. URL: https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Файл:Мезосферные_(серебристые)_облака_в_небе_над_Якутией,_июль_2021_года.jpg (Дата обращения: 02.06.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andreev P. Mesospheric (noctilusent) clouds in the sky over the village of Us-Kyuelya, July 2021. Available at: https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Файл:Мезосферные_(серебристые)_облака_в_небе_над_Якутией,_июль_2021_года.jpg [Accessed 2 June 2025] (in Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gadsden M., Schröder W. Noctilucent clouds. Berlin: Springer; 1989.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gadsden M., Schröder W. Noctilucent clouds. Berlin: Springer; 1989. (in English) 31. Lübken F. Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere. JGR:Atmospheres. 1999;104;(D8);9135-9149. (in English) DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900076.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lübken F. Thermal structure of the Arctic summer mesosphere. JGR:Atmospheres. 1999;104;(D8);9135-9149. DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900076.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace JM., Hobbs PV. Atmospheric science: an introductory survey. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006:483. (in English)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace JM., Hobbs PV. Atmospheric science: an introductory survey. Canada: Elsevier Academic Press; 2006:483.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pertsev NN., Dalin PA., Perminov VI. et al. Analysis of noctilucent clouds’ fields according to ground-based network and airborne photography data. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2024;60;(2):187-194. (in English) DOI: 10.1134/S0001433824700191.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pertsev NN., Dalin PA., Perminov VI. et al. Analysis of noctilucent clouds’ fields according to ground-based network and airborne photography data. Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. 2024;60;(2):187-194. DOI: 10.1134/S0001433824700191.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rapp M., Thomas GE. Modeling the microphysics of mesospheric ice particles: Assessment of current capabilities and basic sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2006;68;(7):715-744. (in English) DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rapp M., Thomas GE. Modeling the microphysics of mesospheric ice particles: Assessment of current capabilities and basic sensitivities. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. 2006;68;(7):715-744. DOI: 10.1016/j.jastp.2005.10.015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritts DC., Alexander MJ. Correction to «Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere». Reviews of Geophysics. 2012;50;(3):2012RG000409. (in English) DOI: 10.1029/2012RG000409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fritts DC., Alexander MJ. Correction to «Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere». Reviews of Geophysics. 2012;50;(3):2012RG000409. DOI: 10.1029/2012RG000409.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fritts DC., Alexander MJ. Correction to «Gravity wave dynamics and effects in the middle atmosphere». Reviews of Geophysics. 2012;50;(3):2012RG000409. DOI: 10.1029/2012RG000409.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
