Synthetic Participle Formation with Affixes -ar/-yyr/-bat and their Conjugation

Abstract

Present participles -ar /-yyr /-bat form type, time and modality conjugated forms taking different affixes and combining with auxiliary words. These forms are synthetic and analytical, they have conceptual, temporal and modal meanings. They can be used as a definitive either as a simple or subordinate verbal predicate in the sentence. The stem of the given forms has a temporal meaning, attached to the speech moment in the present, past and future tenses. All forms have temporal and modal meanings associated with duration, ordinariness, episodicity, examination, possibility and obligation. Such participles are conditioned with functioning as a predicative part, thereby reflecting the speaker’s evaluation and attitude to the perfect action by the doer in the present tense, i.e. the speaker expresses perception of the action that is being, was and will be performed by the subject. The tense of these actions with the participle is already expressed as continuous, regular and present, therefore the speaker does not specify them, but he/she can testify the speech moment as present in the past or the possible present and obligatory in the past. This tense is called conditional, i. e. relative. This article describes all types of synthetic and descriptive forms of participle conjugation in -ar / -yyr /-bat in the Yakut language. Generally, all analytical forms have a nominal type of combinability of participles, which possesses different degrees of fusion. In the semantics of descriptive participial forms different meanings can be distinguished, they can express a subject’s attitude to the action, specified by the speaking person; attitude to this action of the speaker.