About the pastforms on -byt and -gan in the Yakut and Tuvan Languages

The article presents the results of a comparative study of the most important forms in the verb systems of the Yakut and Tuvan languages of the participial forms of -byt and -gan, semantically and functionally related basic forms in the past tense. The first is widely used in the modern Yakut language and, depending on the types of conjugation, forms two forms of past tense in a predicative function. In the proposed article, they are designated as -byt I, -byt II. On the basis of the form on -byt in the sphere of the past tense, 12 secondary forms with various modal and species shades of meanings were developed. In Tuvan, the form on -gan is also the main form of the past tense sphere. On its basis 4 secondary forms arose with the values of mirative, indirect evidentiality. This article provides a comparative analysis of the general and various components in the semantic structure of three forms: -byt I, -byt II, -gan. And for the first time on a specific linguistic material, the general meanings of the forms -byt I, -byt II and -gan in the Yakut and Tuvan languages were revealed: 1) the transmission of the semantics of reliable action that took place before the moment of speech; 2) the ability to express a remote time distance; 3) expression of the effectiveness of the action. Both Yakut forms are similar in terms of their temporal characteristics: they express the completeness of the action and the relevance in the past. Their semantic difference lies in the actualization of two meanings introduced by personal indicators: the fact that the speaker attests the action (-byt I); the meaning of the admirative is the discovery of one or another result of the action at the time of speech with a touch of surprise (-byt II). In contrast to the Yakut forms -byt, the form auf -gan regularly expresses the semantics of timelessness and the meaning of surreal action in the present tense. Both Yakut forms are similar in terms of their temporal characteristics: they express the completeness of the action and the relevance in the Past. Their semantic difference lies in the actualization of two meanings introduced by personal indicators: the fact that the speaker attests the action (-byt I); the meaning of the admirative is the discovery of one or another result of the action at the time of speech with a touch of surprise (-byt II). In contrast to the Yakut forms of everyday life, the form -gan regularly expresses the semantics of timelessness and the meaning of surreal action in the present tense.

Yakut language, Tuvan language, temporal system, past tense, form on -byt I, form on byt II, form on -gan

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