Lexico-grammatic features of the japanese historical primary sources of the beginning of the ХХ century

The article analyzes the difficulties of translating Japanese historical primary sources into Russian, which differ in their lexical-semantic composition and grammar from modern publicistic and literary texts. Despite the fact that grammatical norms, speech clichés and epistolary expressions of the old-written Japanese language have practically gone out of use, today they can be found in journalism, newspaper articles and literature works. In addition, the ability to understand official correspondence and private letters composed using the epistolary style sorobun 候文 is necessary for Japanese historians and specialists in the field of Japanese literature, since their scientific activities are related to archival and literary sources. The present paper notes that reading and understanding primary sources is complicated by the old-written grammatical norms of epistolary writing, archaisms and lexical units, the meaning of which is not always represented in modern dictionaries. The old spelling of hieroglyphs also causes certain difficulties. The paper shows the main lexical and grammatical characteristics of the Japanese epistolary writing sorobun, which include the hieroglyphic spelling of geographical names, the use of hieroglyphs as official words, extensions and postpositions, as well as the design of the categories of pledges using hieroglyphs. The article pays special attention to the consideration of the translation into Russian of anachronisms, historicisms and lexical units, the meaning of which is not represented in modern dictionaries. The translation and linguoculturological analysis of Japanese historical sources undertaken with the article indicates that one of the main conditions for their correct understanding is knowledge of the grammatical norms of the old-written Japanese language, as well as the ability to recognize the old-written forms of hieroglyphs in the text. The analysis of individual hieroglyphic components and the use of various types of reference books and dictionaries - encyclopedic, explanatory and hieroglyphic - helps to achieve the correct translation into Russian of lexical units, the meaning of which is not represented in modern dictionaries. An important role in the specialist's achievement of a professional detailed translation is played by his background knowledge, which is a collection of information about the cultural and historical realities of the era to which the document belongs.

epistolary style, primary sources, translation, lexical and grammatical features, hieroglyphics, semantics, Japanese, language cliches

1. Олевская В. В. Архивный иноязычный документ: специфика перевода и описания для различных видов изданий // Вестник Православного Свято-Тихоновского гуманитарного университета. Серия 3: Филология. - 2011. - Вып. 3 (25). - С. 74-83.

2. Мендрин В. М. Соробун: анализ японского эпистолярного стиля: Част. переписка в 2 ч. Ч. 1. - Владивосток: Типо-лит. Восточного института, 1910-1914. - 22 с.

3. Столяров А. Н. Японский эпистолярный стиль. URL: http://dragoman.in.ua/souroubun.html (дата обращения: 02.09.2012).

4. Маевский Е. В. Учебное пособие по старописьменному японскому языку (бунго). - М.: Издательство МГУ, 1991. - 128 с.

5. Фролова Е. Л. Японский язык. Эпистолярный стиль. - М.: АСТ: Восток - Запад, 2005. - 247 с.

6. Бессонова Е. Ю. Эпистолярный стиль японского языка в историческом аспекте // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение. - 2012. - № 2. - С. 39-45.

7. Komai Akira, Rohlich Thomas H. An Introduction to Classical Japanese. - Tokyo: Bonjinsha CO., LTD, 1991. - 261 p.

8. Нечаева Л. Т. Элементы старописьменного японского языка в современных газетных текстах // Вестник Московского университета. Серия 13. Востоковедение. - 2012. - № 2. - С. 34-38.

9. Бреславец Т. И. Старописьменный язык традиционной японской литературы. Учебное пособие. - Владивосток: Издательство Дальневосточного университета, 2015. - 260 с.

10. 陸軍ニ對スル貴族院ノ感謝決議. 防衛研究所．文庫千代田史料 220日露事件要報 (Благо-дарственная резолюция верхней палаты парламента [императорской] армии. Архив Национального института оборонных исследований. Важные донесения о русско-японских инцидентах).

11. goo辞書で調べる. URL: https://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/word/汗青/ (дата обращения: 25.09.2020).

12. 清國駐屯軍概況．防衛研究所．文庫千代田史料 635 清国駐屯軍関係書類 (Общее положение размещенных в Китае войск. Архив Национального института оборонных исследований. Документы, касающиеся находящихся в Китае войск).

13. 明治四十四年一月三十一日 在ニコラエウスク領事鈴木陽之助 外務大臣伯爵小村寿太郎殿.外務省外交史料館．沿海州水産組合設立関係一件 3.5.8. 120 (31 января 1911 г. Японский консул в Николаевске Судзуки Ёносукэ - Министру иностранных дел графу Комура Дзютаро. Архив внешней политики Японии. Дела, касающиеся создания Союза рыбодобычи Приморской области).