History of the Formation of Special Translation (Antiquity and Middle Ages)

The article deals with the history of the formation of a special translation related to the translation of scientific and technical texts. The special translation has gone a long way of historical development, which is closely connected with the development of language, culture, philosophy and science in general. In modern science, an important integrative approach has emerged to the study and modeling of the translator's activity, in which researchers take into account the achievements of the neighboring disciplines related to translation. The use of a special translation of the traditional methods of historiography made it possible to interpret this type of translation from the standpoint of the experience of knowledge of history, the formation of ideas about translation in the space of culture, scientific and philosophical thought, and to supplement the traditional linguistic analysis of the translator’s activities with historical and cultural approaches. The analysis made it possible to determine the stages of the formation of a special translation in the ancient world and the Middle Ages before the spread of the translation into European languages. The translations in the field of science and philosophy in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire were considered, then the features of the activities of translators in the Arab School of wisdom were analyzed. The features of a special translation at each of the considered stages, translated materials, methods and methods of translation and requirements for translators are disclosed. The last stage considered in the article (Toledo Translation School) united the culture of two different communities (Christian and Muslim worlds). Translations of scientific texts from the Greek and Arabic languages allowed to overcome the lag in the field of culture and science of Western Europe from the Arab world and served as a guarantor of the transfer of knowledge of the ancient world. This knowledge came to Russia from Byzantium after the adoption of Christianity in Russia. The ancient heritage was assimilated in the Byzantine version, which cut off Ancient Russia (and then Russia) from the ancient heritage in its original form. And only later after the fall of the Tatar-Mongol and the unification of the Russian lands in Moscow State were the prerequisites for the development of national culture, and thus for the development of science and technology. Translations of philosophical and scientific works of ancient authors began to appear in Russia, but through translations of European states.

special translation, integrative approach, historiography, School of wisdom, Toledo School, transfer of scientific knowledge

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