The Mountain hare (Lepus timidus) is a popular game species and a traditional subject of population dynamics studies. The species is characterized by regular population fluctuations. Our research is aimed at characterizing chronological and ecological features of the mountain hare population cycles in the Russian Federation. To achieve this, we calculated the spectra of periodic components of the species’ population dynamics and defined the population rhythm periods and their power. The research is based on open access data on long-term population dynamics of the mountain hare in Russia. Data was processed by decomposing the complex curve of abundance dynamics into simple harmonics and calculating their power and magnitude. To reveal hidden fluctuations, we used Harms software; statistical calculations were performed with Past software. For trends, we checked the hypothesis of non-zero coefficients and calculated the R2 determination coefficient.The fluctuations of the mountain hare populations in Russia occur synchronously in most of the federal districts (except the Ural district). The population fluctuation spectra in the federal districts of European Russia generally coincide. Eastwards, the low frequency peak shifts from 15-17 years in European Russia to 30 years in the Russian Far East. The abundance fluctuation amplitude increases significantly towards the Far East, too. The greatest fluctuation amplitude is observed in the low frequency zone, where major abundance fluctuations are to be expected every 15-20 years.The results can be important in planning annual harvest quotas of the mountain hare, contributing to rational and sustainable use of the species.

At the present time a revision of the Polytrichaceae family in Russia including 40 species from 8 genera has been completed using the methods of DNA sequences studying. Special attention was paid to 4 genera (Oligotrichum, Lyellia, Polytrichum, Polytrichastrum), which helped in solving problems with the differentiation of species whose morphological features were overlapped. Samples from the border regions of Russia including poorly studied regions such as Yakutia, Transbaikalia, Primorye and the Caucasus (Herbariums LE, MHA, H, MW, SASY, NSK, etc.) were studied. In general, all the above mentioned allowed to re-examine the systematics of the family, to clarify the morphological characteristics of species, their distribution and environmental confinement. The flora of the mosses of Yakutia currently includes 539 species and varieties from 174 genera and 52 families, 19 orders and 6 classes of BRYOPHYTA division. The Polytrichaceae family is among the leading families in Yakutia, constituting the core of the taiga flora and it has 18 species from 6 genera: Lyellia (1 species), Oligotrichum (2), Psilopilum (2), Polytrichum (8), Pogonatum (2), Polytrichastrum (3), two species of them - Lyellia aspera and Oligotrichum falcatum are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (2017). Representatives of the family grow mostly in forests, swamps and tundra. The article provides a brief overview of the Polytrichaceae family species in Yakutia with their distribution in floristic areas, frequency of occurrence and environmental confinement.

The Eurasian ruffe inhabits lakes, rivers, reservoirs, deltaic areas of rivers and desalinated bays of the Laptev sea and the East Siberian sea. Сonnection of species distribution with limnological features of aquatic ecosystems is representedin the article. The main reason for the decline in the number of the species is the deterioration of habitat conditionsdue to the processes of dystrophication and eutrophication, accompanied by overgrowing, siltingand flowering of water and, accordingly, oxygen deficiency. Vulnerable moments are the area, depth, lack of sandy soils, insufficiently high level of development of forage zoobenthos, as well as the integrity of lakes, often accompanied by fading. The main goal of the work was to study the ecology of the Eurasian ruff under the conditions of anthropogenic load. The studies were conducted in the summer months in different years. The results of long-term studies of biological characteristics of this species and especially the increasing influence of anthropogenic factors are presentedin the article.In river conditions the Eurasian ruff avoids fast current. In the rivers of Yakutia the Eurasian ruff is kept on areas with sandy-silt soil, very rarely on stony-pebbly soils. The Eurasian ruff is most numerous in rivers with developed lake flood plain. It leads the twilight and night lifestyle. The Eurasian ruff is one of the sedentary fish, so it doesn’t migrate long distances. The ruff is a typical bentofag, its very plastic in the choice of food. Juveniles feed on zooplankton, the favorite food of adult fish is the chironomid larvae and gammarids, but with their lack in water bodies the ruff easily switches to other types of food, especially since its range of bedrock organisms includes all forms of benthos, zooplankton and fish food (caviar and young fish).The size of the organisms it consumes increases with their age, the largest individuals become predators. Water temperature plays an important role in the ruff's life: it affects the course of metabolic processes, the speed of digestion of food, the growth rate and affects the course of development of the sex glands. At the same time, the ruff itself serves as food for pike, salmon, whitefish, perch and cod fish. Thus, the number of the Eurasian ruff is controlled by predatory fish species, and as an independent species, it plays an important role in the trophic network of water bodies.

Over the past two and a half centuries total methane content in the Earth’s atmosphere has more than doubled [1]. The global warming potential of methane is 20 times greater than that of carbon dioxide, considering that, monitoring and studying the properties of methane are one of the urgent tasks of modern ecology. This paper presents a study of methane concentration variations on the Arctic coast of Alaska, according to Barrow station data (1986-2018), and remote sensing data (AIRS radiometer, Aqua satellite). Analysis of the seasonal variation of methane showed that in the off-season (summer-autumn) at station Barrow quite often there are sharp jumps (increases) in methane concentration with amplitudes exceeding the background by ~ > 5% and lasting from several / tens of hours to several days. Similar events were mainly observed from June to November. It is logical to assume that this behavior of methane in summer and autumn, when methane content in the atmosphere above the northern seas is on average lower than over land, is due to the dynamics of north and south winds at the observation point (Barrow station). Studies were conducted of the dependence of methane concentration on the direction of wind, that showing significant jumps in methane concentration at the station were recorded with wind blowing from the land. In case of wind from the north, methane values generally corresponded to an unperturbed / background level. Analysis of monthly averaged distribution maps of methane concentration, based on satellite data, showed that in winter, at high latitudes, methane values above the land surface and northern seas do not differ significantly. However, in summer-autumn period, the concentration of methane over land is much higher than over the seas. Additional calculations of the trajectories of air mass movements in study area also confirmed the assumption that rapid increases in methane concentration in the summer-autumn period at station Barrow, located on the Arctic coast, is caused by the transfer from the land side of the air masses with a high methane content.

The relevance of the study is that there is a need to identify and theoretical justification of those aspects of grammar Yukagir that determine its specificity. A particular problem grammar Yukaghir language is verb conjugation. Review of the literature suggests that this problem is one of the most controversial. The new material allows us to refine and verify the problematic aspects of conjugation. Structural features of the Yukaghir language derived from the analysis of vocabulary, grammar and phonology, allowed a number of researchers to carry Yukagir to isolated [I. A. Nikolaev, E. A. Helimski, 1997]. Some linguists believe that the Yukaghir language is distantly related to the Uralic languages, although not a member of this family in the true sense of the word. In addition, there is a classification of the Yukaghir language as Paleoasiatic, which is based on ethno-geographical rather than linguistic criteria. The paper has the following objectives: to determine the justification for the existence of class II verb stems partly distributed by the end of the phonetic form a basis to describe the productive cases contrasting the two classes of verbs with indicators and -sem, -sum. The purpose of the study - to show two classes of verb stems, which correspond to something even phonetically indicators plural -pe and -pul nouns which are defined two classes of registered words. The article deals with verb stems, as well as names that are divided into two lexical classes, partly distributed in the case of the verb to the phonetic appearance of the end bases, as well as belonging to a particular class involves the choice of not phonetic variants both in word formation (in particular in the formation of causatives) and at inflection (particularly the choice of index face after formant -nunў-).

The relevance of the article is due to the artistic, publicistic and personal value of the Nobel lectures by a Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn and a Chinese novelist Gao Xingjian. Given that the analysis of style of Solzhenitsyn’s speech patterns has been constrained in literary criticism. It is the purpose of the article to compare the Nobel lectures of the writers representing different literatures and cultures. In accordance with the contemporary geopolitical relationship between neighboring countries, the current research objectives are to identify the attitude of the Nobel laureates towards the issue of the writer’s responsibility, towards the significance of literature in the spiritual education of society, towards the issue of the author and the main character. The originality of the issue framed in the article is emphasized by applying the comparative textual analysis of the speeches made by the writers, the representatives of Russian and Chinese literature, at different times. The results of the analysis are the identification of common features in the writers’ artistic creed, revealing their unity and comprehension of the humanistic nature of artistic creativity. The correlation between the personal positions of the Russian and Chinese novelists enables to conclude about the writers’ originality and individuality. The article offers new challenges to conduct comparative research of creative writing legacy of the Nobel laureates from historical and theoretical points of view. In the applied aspect, multimedia project development in teaching literature and national studies is of considerable practical importance.

The relevance of the topic of this article is determined by the lack of study of polysemy of phraseological units in Turkology and the Yakut language. The purpose of this study is to describe the phenomenon of polysemy of phraseological units in line with one of the key issues in the study of the semantic structure of polysemic phraseological units - the criteria for distinguishing the meanings of polysemic phraseological units of the Yakut language. The research material used in this study was polysemous phraseological units extracted by the method of continuous sampling from the “Yakut-Russian phraseological dictionary” (2 volumes). Clarification of values is carried out on the basis of the published volumes of the “Big Explanatory dictionary of the Yakut language” (15 volumes), “Phraseological dictionary of the Yakut language”. It is noted that in the Yakut language polysemy of phraseological units is less developed than lexical polysemy, which is explained by the complexity of the semantic structure of phraseological units as signs of secondary development. The criteria of differentiation in the semantic structure of phraseological units of its individual values was identified using the theoretical positions of phraseologists-Russian. The method of identification of the actual material, the analysis of dictionary definitions, comparison, component and contextual analysis allowed to determine three groups of criteria of differentiation of polysemantic phraseological units - conceptual, syntagmatic and paradigmatic. One of the factors determining the separateness of the values of multivalued phraseological units is the conceptual relatedness. The complexity of the explication of this criterion is noted. To apply the distinction of syntagmatic compatibility of the idiom; the distinction of the syntactic functions. As part of the paradigmatic criteria morphological (different management phraseological units syntactically dependent on her words; the use of one of the values of phraseological units only in negative form, correlated with different parts of speech); lexic-semantic (limited synonymy, that is synonymy, extending not to all values of phraseology, but only one of them); stylistic criteria, i. e. different stylistic coloring of phraseological units in each of the meanings, activity/passivity of the use of one of the meanings of phraseology. In the future, we will compare and describe the link of polysemy of words and polysemics of the Yakut language.

Context is the key to understanding the modal particles of source text and expressing the mood of target text. Due to the fact, that Russian and Chinese modal particles differ significantly, and they are often unique in their language environment, the translation of Russian modal particles into Chinese requires a special approach, which will fully convey the meaning of modal particles and the intonation of the original text. Such translation is restricted and selected by contexts. In different contexts, the pragmatic meaning of the same modal particle will also be different. The meanings of modal particle are often difficult to interpret. Only in different contexts, the pragmatic meanings and communicative functions of the modal particles are expressed. The translator must correctly identify the context of source text, then based on the context, decide what pragmatic meaning is assigned to the modal particle, and then adequately reconstruct the context in Chinese, using various translation methods, to convey the equivalent modal particles and parts of speech, phrases or sentences. linguistic, situational and cultural context can resolve modal particle translation difficulties in different aspects. These three types of context determine the scope of translation of Russian modal particles into Chinese and influence the choice of translation methods. Hidden pragmatic meaning of the modal particles in source text, selected according to different contexts, will be revealed or hidden as before in target text.

This article discusses the terms with the component of color designation in the language of medicine. It is revealed that there is an increasing interest in the study of color in various aspects. The relevance of research is determined by the interest in issues related to theoretical and practical study of the term with component color terms, and to their use in the language of medicine. The aim of this study is to study the phenomenon of color in medical terminology. It is proved that the emergence of color vocabulary, the presence of a developed system of color meanings in most language systems, the complexity of their semantic structure are confirmation of the importance of color meanings in human cognitive activity. It is considered that there is a science of coloristics that studies and explains the phenomena of color: the origin of the color of bodies and all observed objects, color changes under different lighting and at different distances, mixing, interaction of colors and the basis of their harmonization. The scientists have studied that the development of medical terminology is parallel with the development of medicine. It is revealed that there is no unified linguistic term for terms with color component. Several trends in the designation of such lexemes are highlighted: color designation, color name, color term, chromatonym, coloronym, as well as more descriptive expressions such as name / color name, expression with a color component, etc. Each new medical concept is fixed by an exact word-term. It is considered that the terms are the core of professional communication languages and belong to a certain term system. The semantics of medical terms with elements of color designation is presented, it is revealed that some terms change their semantics in the modern world in the language of medicine. The properties of medical terms with the component of color designation are considered: hue, intensity, depth, lightness, saturation, brightness, contrast. The highest frequency of coloristic nomination is recorded in the thematic group "skin diseases", since dermatology is a clinical discipline in which visual methods of examination of the patient prevail. It was revealed that color tokens are a part of medical terminology as symbols of nomination of diseases, skin color, names of blood cells, appearance of the patient, features of an organism. The popularity of color meanings as a subject of research is explained by the fact that they are part of a more global problem of the relationship between the content and form of a language sign in a particular language, which makes the study of the features of the semantics of color meanings relevant both in theoretical and practical terms.

The article is focused on the diachronic study of romanization occurring to the lexical composition of Gospel phrases which have evolved into idioms existing in Modern English. A new meaning of the term romanization is introduced. The latter is understood as replacement of original Germanic lexical components by Romance ones in the “proto-phraseology” of English. To address the tasks of the present study there has been compiled a representative inventory of 110 structurally varied Gospel idioms in Modern English. There have also been analyzed identical heterochronic contexts which became a basis for the modern Gospel idioms under study. With recurrence to the methods of contextual and component analysis, the lexical composition of the 110 chosen contexts is compared in the three versions of Gospels: the Wessex Gospels, the Gospels in Wycliff’s Bible and the Gospels in the Tyndale Bible, all of which cover a chronological period of 530 years. It is noted that the replacement of Germanic lexical components by the Romance ones took place in most (59%) word-combinations in question, with the romanization process hitting its peak in Middle English. Within the time span adopted for the present research as many as almost a hundred of Romance lexemes originating mostly from Old French ousted their Germanic lexical counterparts in the word-combinations under analysis. The article offers a complete list of the Romance lexemes, which are largely nouns and verbs. Etymologically the entirety of the Romance lexemes are provided by two sources: Latin and Old French. The words of Latin origin are scarce enough and found predominantly in the Old English versions of the contexts studied. A vast majority of Romance lexemes come from Old French and are found in Gospel contexts of the Middle and Early New English versions. The research also provides the data concerning the proportion of the romanized phrases in the aggregate of contexts in each of the historical periods of the English language. There is clearly manifested dynamics of romanization as of the late Middle English period, which translates in a sharp increase in the number of word-combinations with Romance lexical components. On the other hand, almost null dynamics is detected in the Early New English and subsequently to the present day.

In the epic poem The Tale of Igor’s Campaign the Volhynian dukes are called «the six-winged ones of no mean brood». The first word is the subject-matter of the old discussion and has caused a great number of interpretations. Attempts to explain it with the help of Christian terminology have been renewed not long ago. According to the supporters of this version, these šestokrilci are the six-winged angels, the seraphs. Nevertheless, the appeal to theological literature shows the groundlessness of such interpretations. First of all, angels are asexual, they cannot propagate; they have no parents and no children. They are created by God and couldn’t be brothers or other relatives. One cannot conjecture about their kinship amongst themselves and give некую axiological assessment to the latter. In accordance with Christian doctrine, there is the human race, but the angelic race does not exist; only the angelic assembly is instead of it. It is peccant to ascribe gender to angels. There is no way to compare brothers, the members of one family, born from a father and a mother, with angels. Living, prospering people couldn’t be similar to angels. A man could not be equated with an angel, according to canons of the Christian Church. It is also irregular to identify dukes with angels at the beginning, and then praise them for their virtuous life, because angels are pious primordially, they cannot behave in a different way. At last, the seraphs are not martial; they only laud the God, therefore absolutely no good for comparing with courageous warrior dukes. This example reveals how carefully one should approach to the interpretation of any monuments of medieval literature and how important for scientists is to take the facts of mythology, theology, religious studies into consideration.

At present, the problems of cultural relations and the preservation of cultural diversity are of great interest to modern society. And, undoubtedly, the repository of cultural values of the people is their language, which calls objects of reality, based on historical experience, living conditions of ethnos, cultural traditions and religion. It is the units of language that allow you to understand, learn the national images of different peoples. Translation as a kind of spiritual activity of man has always played an essential role in history, development, promotion of culture of individual peoples and world culture as a whole. In the history of Yakut-Russian translation there is a large number of translated texts reflecting the national character. But nevertheless theoretical developments began to appear only at the end of the 20 century and at the beginning of the 21 century. The main problem of translation is the transfer of non-equivalent vocabulary, which is practically non-translatable. In modern translation theory bezekvivalentny lexicon is defined as lexical units, calling the objects characteristic of life (life, culture, social and historical development) one people and alien to another. Translation of this layer of vocabulary plays a major role in the implementation of intercultural communication in the modern world and requires the translator to keep the local colour of the original as much as possible. The aim of the study is to identify and classify ethnographic realities of Yakut epic works, to determine ways of their translation. In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set and solved: familiarization with the basic concepts, requirements of the general theory of translation; classification of realities extracted from the works of V. S. Yakovlev-Dalan "Tygyn Darhan," P. A. Oyunsky "Great Kudangsa"; Identification and analysis of ways of translation of ethnographic realities from Yakut into Russian; Summary of performance. The material for this study was provided by examples of ethnographic realities extracted from the works of V. S. Jakovlev-Dalan "Tygyn Darhan" and the text of the translation by A. Saposhnikov, P. A. Oyunsky "Great Kudangsa" and the Russian translation by A. Borisovoy. In developing the proposed study, the following methods were used: the continuous sampling method revealed examples from the study material for analysis; Descriptive method - to highlight and describe ethnographic realities in epic works, to study their transmission into Russian; Comparative method allowed to identify common and distinctive properties and characteristics between Yakut and Russian language forms, translation matches, equivalents. During the research are allocated and analysed 181 examples of ethnographic realities: realities describing life and mores: traditional food (26), utensils, utensils (25), home, home accessories (18), traditional clothing (15), jewellery (5), transport (4); cultural realities, art: faith, tradition, customs (30), national games (12), folklore (5), musical instrument (3), time, calendar (3); labour: tools (10), farming (9), people of labor (3); ethnonyms (13). Realities show the original culture of the Saha people, which the translator, as a link between the author and the reader, must convey fully. In the works "Tygyn Darhan," Great Kudangsa "realities are translated by transcription, like, generalization, description. The essence of realities convey in detail the ways of description and transcription.

The XIX century witnessed the rapprochement of national literatures. It was also reflected in Russian writer’ s works. The relevance of the research, which results are presented in this article of, is due to the importance of the problem of interaction between Russian and Western literature. The purpose of this study is to establish a typological relationship between Spielhagen’s image and Chekhov’s hero. Analysis of the problematic, the conflict, the system of images and expressive means in some works of the German novelist of the second half of the nineteenth century F. Spielhagen and Russian writer and playwright A. P. Chekhov assumes as one of the most important tasks detection of the internal unity of their creativity in the presence of diverse, and sometimes mutually exclusive trends. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of comparative-historical literature in combination with the typological method. The materials for the study of this problem were the artistic works of writers, letters and articles in periodicals. As a result of the study it was considered the fact of the influence of the German novelist on the creativity of Russian writers, first of all on A. P. Chekhov, were demonstrated examples of the connection of some Chekhov’s works with Spielhagen’s image. It seems relevant and promising further research of the literature interaction, which is allow to identify consistent patterns of the development of the literary process.