The leather industry collects, processes and turns meat production waste (skins) into  a valuable, unique material - genuine leather (according to the World Leather publication, the annual  meat market produces up to 7.7 million tons of waste in the form of animal skins). Among the mineral  tanning agents, tanning with basic salts of chromium sulfate has been recognized as the best so far, since  chrome-tanned leathers are of high quality. Tanning takes place in an aqueous medium in the presence  of a large number of organic compounds, such as amino acids, products of collagen hydrolysis,  which makes up the skin tissue. The tanned semi-finished product after tanning with chromium (III) salts,  due to the formation of strong chemical bonds with polypeptide chains of collagen, can withstand boiling  for three minutes with shrinkage of the tissue sample of no more than 5%. Metal salts of 3d elements  found in the solution after tanning can be useful in tanning the drumstick and obtaining a tanned  semi-finished product. In this regard, solutions of ferrous (III), chromium (III), cobalt (II), nickel (II),  copper (II) and zinc (II) sulfates were selected for the study. Of particular interest is the structure of the  structure of complex compounds of sulfates of 3d elements and their difference or correspondence to  the structure of tanning complex ions of chromium (III). The structure of complex ions can be judged  by the color of the solutions, by the change in the pH of the medium in which the hydrolysis of salts  takes place, as well as in the presence of amino acids or alkaline agents. Based on the comparative  analysis of colored solutions of sulfates of 3d elements by the spectrophotometric method with a solution  of chromium (III) sulfate, it follows that these compounds, like the complex chromium (III) ion, have  an octahedral form that is not disturbed when interacting with protein amino acids.

In Yakutia, according to the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), 21 species are  classified as rare lichens; 4 lichens are included in the list of potentially in need of protection. The  materials for this work were collected by the author during the complex expeditions of the IBPC SB RAS  in various years in the Tomponsky, Oymyakonsky, Aldansky, Khangalassky districts of the Republic  of Sakha (Yakutia). The study of the materials was carried out by the author in the laboratory of the  Department of Botanical Research of the IBPC SB RAS using standard methods for the identification  of lichen species. Lichens Lichenomphalia hudsoniana, Pannaria conoplea are listed in the Red Book of  Yakutia as rare species with a significant range, but occurring sporadically within Yakutia and a small  number of populations (category 3b). The species Pyxine sorediata has a narrow ecological confinement  associated with specific growing conditions (category 3b). The species Melanelixia albertana is listed in  the Red Book of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) as potentially in need of protection. New location data  (coordinates, ecotope, substrate) are provided for each species. A summary is provided of the information on  the samples of this species that were found earlier on Yakutia territory. Yakutia provides information on rare  Lichenobiota species and their distribution in nearby territories bordering the Republic. The species’  distribution within Russia is also provided with generalized information, with a global range indicated.

Multielectron atoms and ions, especially ions with a high degree of ionization, observed in natural and laboratory conditions, are relativistic systems in which the orbital quantum number loses its ordinary meaning. It becomes a bad quantum number, and in this case, there is a need for a relativistic approach to study these systems, i.e., research in the j-representation natural for relativism. It requires considering not only electrical and magnetic, but also retarded interactions between the electrons of such systems due to the finiteness of the speed of light in a vacuum. In the article, the relativistic energy operator of retarded interactions between electrons in the v²/c² approximation (part of the Breit operator) is reduced to two different forms using the method of Racah irreducible tensor operators. These forms are expressed in terms of standard irreducible tensor operators used in the theory of the atom, nucleus, and solid-state physics. The resulting expressions for the operator of the energy of retarded interactions are presented in a form natural for the relativistic approach, i.e. in j - representation. The energy operator of the retarded interactions is a two-electron interaction that is a direct multiplication of operators (matrices in the Pauli representation) which affects different electrons. Therefore, the two-electron wave function is represented as a direct multiplication of one-electron wave functions, that is Dirac-type bispinors. All this allows using the method of Raсah irreducible tensor operators in calculating the matrix element. The matrix elements of the energy operator of the retarded interactions are represented in terms of the standard values of the atom and nucleus theory.

Since the discovery of two-dimensional hexagonal allotropic modification of carbon–graphene, carbon materials and their derivatives have attracted increasing attention from researchers around the world because of their unique electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The structure and properties of such nanomaterials are of interest for many practical applications, such as in the electronics, construction, and space industries. However, in recent years, the problem of recycling plastic waste has become increasingly severe. The accumulation of such waste in some regions of the world is an environmental disaster. This paper presents the results of the study on carbon powders obtained from the plastic wastes of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) by pyrolysis, thermal annealing, and subsequent microwave exposure. This work proposes a technique for heat treatment and subsequent microwave exposure that makes it possible to obtain turbostratic graphene. The microwave exposure affected the structure of the PET samples and increased the electrical conductivity of the materials obtained from PP waste.

Semiconductor heterostructures are widely used in various electronic devices. Two-dimensional semiconductor heterostructures are the subject of study in fundamental science and are of interest for various applications in nanoelectronics. It is known that both vertical and planar heterostructures can be created. In vertical heterostructures, monolayers are stacked on top of each other and are connected to each other by weak bonds, called van der Waals bonds. In planar heterostructures, the materials are aligned along the layers and the atoms interact with each other by strong covalent bonds. Planar heterostructures, in particular, the MoS₂/WS₂ heterostructure, have a finer band structure rearrangement, which manifests itself in the observed optical properties of the material. Due to this,the material can be used in the electronics to create devices based on transition metals – typical semiconductors of such materials. Moreover, a planar heterostructure has different optical properties depending on the polarization of light and the direction of propagation of light waves. This behavior allows this material to be used to create optical and related devices such as filters, optical fibers, and sensors. In this paper we study the electronic and optical properties of the planar MoS₂/WS₂ heterostructure based on the density functional theory. The band structure of the planar MoS₂/WS₂ heterostructure is calculated, and the complex permittivities and complex refractive indices of the MoS₂ and WS₂ monolayers and the MoS₂/WS₂ heterostructure are calculated.

Creating an ideographic dictionary of phraseological units of the Yakut language is relevant since currently there are virtually no works in Yakut phraseology devoted to anthropocentric issues. Scientists also point to the fact that at the present stage of the development of linguistics, the issues of semantic relations that link phraseological units in the language system are not sufficiently studied. Within the framework of the research project “Inventory and systematization of the lexical and phraseological corpus of the Yakut language”, the manuscript “Thematic and ideographic phraseological dictionary of the Yakut language” is being prepared, an ideographic scheme is being compiled and trial dictionary entries are being written. Man as a conceptual sphere consists of 3 blocks: A. I. Man as a living being; A. II. The inner world of man; A. III. Man as a doer. In the A. I. block “Man as a living being”, the phraseosemantic field “the appearance of a person” is highlighted. The article aims to identify and describe the phraseological units of the phraseosemantic field that characterize a person’s appearance. The goal of the study has determined the solution of the following tasks: to select from lexicographic sources the Yakut phraseological units of the phraseosemantic field “human appearance”, structure them according to the ideographic principle, and systematize them on semantic grounds; to determine semantic relations connecting these linguistic units. The ideographic scheme is constructed according to the anthropocentric type in an inductive way, since the actual material is fairly consistently reflected in conceptual groups, i.e., the structuring of reality by a native speaker is taken into account. Next, we turn to linguistic methods. Based on the definitional and component types of analysis, a microfield was identified: the human body’s volume, followed by a breakdown into groups: human height and the level of malnutrition (overweight/underweight). The linguistic representation of the fragment of the phraseosemantic field “the appearance of a person” will help to recreate and complement the image of a person in the phraseological picture of the Yakut world. The results of the study may also be relevant for compiling a “Thematic-ideographic phraseological dictionary of the Yakut language”. The next stage of the work is to compile classification schemes of other characteristics in the phraseological nomination of a person’s appearance.

The article considers the Kumyk love and landscape lyrics of the thaw period as varieties of national literature, in which the evolution of artistic thought was clearly manifested. The study is carried out in the context of the socio-cultural paradigm of the second half of the 1950s and 1960s, in line with the general literary process of the country, characterized by democratization, a certain emancipation from socio-political, ideological factors. In the study of stage, transitional phenomena, it is important to consider the directions and varieties of literature, including genre, which are, relatively speaking, traditional and have their own history. In Kumyk literature, these include intimate poetry and landscape sketches. Their development from the work of the first Soviet decades to the literature of the second half of the last century reflects the process of evolution of verbal art, the line of repulsion from socialist realist clichés and ideological stereotypes. The relevance of this research is determined by the fact that the new comprehension and modern interpretation of both individual, iconic works and significant aspects, specific periods of literary development, in this case the Kumyk love and landscape lyrics of the thaw years, contributes to deeper understanding of the history of national literature in particular and the ways of development, features of the evolution of Soviet multinational literature as a whole in the specifics of their manifestation. For the first time the subject of special scientific study is Kumyk thaw poetry; it resolves the goals and objectives associated with determining the evolution of people's artistic thinking, liberation of poetry from rigid party principles and socialist realist clichés, and a return to the original national aesthetics of poetic creativity. Along with this, the actualization of the problems of the private life of characters as opposed to the social life, the intensification of interest in the purely personal issues of the individual's everyday life and existence, in his inner world, caused the authors to appeal to traditional moral values and the traditions of oral poetic creativity. The article uses socio-cultural, comparative-historical and analytical research methods.

This paper describes Buryat causative constructions containing phraseological units as a basic component, predicate center. These phraseological units act as a means of expressing one of the meanings of causative influence – the impact on the emotional sphere. The relevance of the work lies in the general turn of linguistics to the study of such a category as emotivity. Of interest to us is the problem of the interaction of the categories of emotivity and causativity on the material of the Buryat language. What is new is that in this work, for the first time in Buryat linguistics, causative constructions with phraseological units are described as the basic components of a situation of emotional impact. The methods of modern descriptive research were used in the work: introspection, media judgments and corpus data; descriptive method, methods of differential and component analysis. The material was collected using observation, comparison and comparison methods. The data placed in the Electronic Corpus of the Buryat language served as the material for the study, a solid sample of causative constructions with phraseological units from the artistic works of Buryat authors was performed, and information from the phraseological dictionary of the Buryat language was also used. The aim of the study is to describe causative constructions of the Buryat language with phraseological units as a predicate center. The objectives of the study include determining the role of phraseological units as one of the basic components of causative construction. As a result, it was determined that phraseological units as a predicate unit serve as means of intensifying the figurative-metaphorical and emotional components of the semantic structure of causative construction. They include causative predicates of a specific physical action, which can express a different range of emotions. Predicates have figurative meaning and intensify the emotional component of the construction. Nominal components of phraseological units denote an object that appears to a native speaker as a direct object of emotional impact.

This article is analytical and expository, concerned with the terms of the hotel business in the Russian language. It analyzes the process of the emergence of new words in the language, explains the reasons for their emergence, associated with changes in the life of society. The authors note the influence of the Internet, social networks and globalization on spread of new words and trends, emphasize the role of human thinking and experience in the formation of new lexical units. In addition, the article indicates that new words first appear in colloquial speech, and then are fixed in the standard language. According to the results of the analysis, the authors analyzed more than 300 lexical unitswhich were divided into three thematic groups. The authors give a description of each group: the reasons for the functioning, the content of various types of neologisms. The goal of this research is to analyze and describe the terms of the studied terminological field. The tasks are: 1) to determine the groups of neologisms of the hotel business, 2) to consider the trend of word formation and 3) to identify the practical purpose of new words. The goal and the tasks of the work determined the methods of research: the definitional method, the method of comparison and generalization, as well as the method of quantitative estimation. The sources of information were the scripts of the conversations of hotel employees, the electronic dictionary of hotel terms [1], as well as documents from the Russian electronic scientific library “e-Library”. Etymology of many terms and meanings of their Russian[1]language definitions are described in the article. It is revealed that the neologisms of the hotel business are mainly borrowings from the English language. More than 92% of English borrowed words have been identified. Particular attention is paid to several terms presented in the vocabulary of Russian tourism in the last 3-4 years: MICE segment, SPAsibo (the name of the spa area in the hotel), lobby bar. The meaning of these new terms of the tourism sector is revealed.

This article is devoted to the problem of studying the genre of the preface as a paratext. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the paratext, related to the text periphery or near-text components, has a communicative and pragmatic potential and can be an important source for obtaining national and cultural information. The aim of the study is to consider the preface of the "Dictionary of the Yakut language" by E.K. Pekarsky (1907) as a paratext, identify its informative function and reveal its communicative and pragmatic potential. The study of the preface genre in the context of publishing discourse makes it possible to identify the preface by E.K. Pekarsky as one of the forms of written communication, where the author undoubtedly enters into a dialogue with the reader. As a result of the study, the informative function of the preface by E.K. Pekarsky as an autographic paratext is revealed, which is confirmed by factual information indicating the process of working on the dictionary of the Yakut language. Support of the local population, who shared their knowledge and became co-authors-native speakers of the Yakut language; support for local government, officials and heads of uluses who understand the importance of learning the Yakut language; support for church ministers and clergy, who were among the first to turn to the Yakut language and had accumulated experience; support for political exiles, and mainly members of the Siberian expedition, who helped expand the material of the dictionary; support for scientific researchers, starting with D. A. Klements, V. V. Radlov and others; financial support of I. M. Sibiryakov, made it possible to publish the first issue and thus gave a further opportunity to publish the entire “Dictionary of the Yakut language” by E. K Pekarsky. In addition, the communicative potential of the written text is realized in the author's preface by E.K. respect."

The subject of the research is Russian and hybrid oikonyms on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Yakutia has numerous oikonyms, so their comprehensive linguistic study is required. The description and systematization of Russian and hybrid oikonyms on the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) is the novelty, as they are little studied today. Earlier, there was no comprehensive linguistic analysis of Russian and hybrid oikonyms of Yakutia. This is the reason why the study is relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of Russian and hybrid oikonyms in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), in this regard, the tasks are to identify thematic groups of Russian and hybrid oikonyms, finding out their structural features, methods of formation and word-formation models.The article analyzes a selection of Russian and hybrid oikonyms published in the “Dictionary of Toponyms of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): Settlements» [1], as well as material from the personal file of the author of the article. The research methodology is based on the identification, description and comprehensive analysis of Russian and hybrid oikonyms on the territory of Yakutia. Now research on oikonyms is actively developing and is of interest not only to scientists, but also to ordinary people. Each name has its own history, which reflects the historical fate, life, and occupation of the people who live in the harsh northern region. Oikonyms appeared at different times and for different reasons. The main function of oikonyms is to indicate the place of an object, which helps orientation on the ground. Oikonyms are the connection between a person and a geographical object. They not only indicate the place, but also provide important scientific information. The connection between a person and a geographic object is achieved through the use of oikonyms, which not only point to a location but also provide important scientific information of various types.

The relevance of the topic of the article is determined by the little-studied genre of benevolence (Kalm. yoral) in the Kalmyk poetry of the twentieth century. The genre of benevolence as an integral part of ritual poetry is a short and lengthy poetic texts addressed to significant events and phenomena of human life and society, pronounced recitative. Over time, these benevolences began to exist separately from the ritual actions, being filled with new content, but retaining mostly their form. Benevolence-yoryals convey to food a model of the traditional nutrition of the people, determined by the way of managing nomads. This topic in the Kalmyk poetry of research has rarely become the object and subject of research, which determines the problem of the article. The purpose of this article is to study the folklore aspect of the benevolence of tea in the lyrics of Mikhail Honinov (1919-1981), the objectives of the article are to identify poems about Kalmyk tea in its artistic heritage, the analysis of folklore tradition in such texts, the poet's innovations determined by modern reality. The use of comparative and historical-literary methods contribute to the determination of the connection of the folklore genre with the author's text of the poet, the identification of the synthesis of genres, the creative individuality of the author in the literary process. The folklore tradition of benevolence-yoryala Kalmyk tea in the lyrics of Mikhail Honinov is presented both in form and content, preserving the basic formulas, markers: the praise of tea as the divine drink of the ancestors for its benefits, the glorification of tea as the main offering to the spirits of the ancestors and the gods, the glorification of tea as a national food, a symbol of hospitality, goodwill, well-being and health. Kalmyk tea is shown in its main ingredients, conveyed in color, taste, and movement. The final lines of the poet's poems end with benevolence to the hosts and guests. The comparison of tea with arshan, a divine drink, with the sun, a horse expresses the mentality of the worldview of steppe nomads. The exclusion of references to deities in verses about tea is due to censorship reasons. The observance of national versification (anaphora, alliteration, etc.), on the one hand, and on the other – the borrowed ladder stanza are traditions and innovations in the Kalmyk lyrics of the twentieth century