The moss-biomonitor method was used for the first time to estimate the areal of precipitation extent of heavy metals and other trace elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Sb, V, Zn and Hg) in the territory surrounding the landfill of domestic (communal) waste on the 9th km of the Vilyuisky tract in Yakutsk within a radius of 150 km, using the method of optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. At the same time, mosses, lichens and soil were analysed for the content of radionuclides (⁴⁰К, ¹³⁷Cs, ²¹² Pb, ²¹⁴Pb, ²¹²Bi, ²¹⁴Bi, ²⁰⁸Tl, ⁷Be, ²²⁸Ac) in a number of samples taken by semiconductor gamma spectrometry. The results of the study of moss samples by optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma indicate the presence of a large amount of toxic paper (Ba) and metal debris (Al, Co, Cr, Fe, S, Pb) in the landfill. In addition, it was shown that the following elements were found in the studied samples: Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, Hg. Gamma-ray spectrometry revealed that radioactive elements such as caesium ¹³⁷Cs, daughter products of uranium ²³⁸U and thorium ²³²Th are present in the studied samples. Detection of the same heavy metals and radionuclides in the atmospheric environment and town soil (data from the scientific and technical report “Origin and composition of dust on the territory of the Municipal Entity of Yakutsk”), as well as in vegetation and soil near the landfill (data presented in this paper) may indicate that one of the sources of environmental contamination may be the products of combustion resulting of the landfill contents at the 9th km of the Vilyuisky tract.

limited number of scientific publications are devoted to the analysis of small mammal communities in North-East Yakutia, which does not allow us to estimate their previous abundance and distribution across biotopes in the upper reaches of the Indigirka River. Research on this topic in 2023 made it possible to obtain new, unique data on the state and abundance of game species and small mammals in the Oymyakon ulus (district) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in valley biotopes. The purpose of the work was to determine the biodiversity of mammals in the floodplain lands of the upper reaches of the Indigirka River. Research in the Oymyakon ulus (district) of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) was carried out in March-July 2023 in lands adjacent to one of the depleted gold deposits on the Bolshoy Taryn River, which is a right tributary of the Indigirka River. According to literary sources, 17 game species of mammals live in the study area. In 2023, three routes with a total length of 19.4 km were completed, on which traces of eight species were recorded. In the process of analyzing the trace activity of wild animals registered during the winter route surveys, it was found that traces of small animals (squirrel, ermine, Arctic hare, fox) were found in the immediate vicinity of the infrastructure facilities of the developed deposits. Traces of large, more anthropomorphic animals (elk, wild reindeer) and sable were recorded at some distance from industrial facilities. It was shown that the current population density of game species living in the floodplain of the Bolshoy Taryn River is within the limits of the official data of the Hunting Department of the Ministry of Ecology of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the Oymyakon ulus (district). This indicates the absence of a significant impact of industrial facilities on game species. To assess the biodiversity of small mammals using standard methods, 40 specimens were captured. During the capture period, 600 trap-days and 72 cone-days were processed. The Shannon diversity index for the small mammal community was 1.262. This shows the low biodiversity of small mammal species from the Insectivora and Rodents orders, which is explained by the peculiarities of the natural conditions of the area. The second reason for the small number of captured species, compared with those caught earlier in the middle reaches of the Indigirka River, is the fact that the capture of small mammals was carried out almost only in the valley of the Bolshoy Taryn River

The Yana River basin in the Yana-Indigirka Lowland is one of the richest regions of Yakutia in paleontological finds of animals representing the mammoth fauna with soft tissues. More than 130 years ago, a large collection of paleontological material was collected by the royal expedition led by A.A. Bunge and E.V. Toll (1885-1886), which is stored in the storerooms of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. Previously known unique finds on the middle reaches of the Yana River included the Lena horse body fragment (2009), juvenile bison (2009), collared lemming (2012), and Verkhoyansk foal (2018) discovered at the Batagaika location. In 2023, during field work, paleontological and palynological material was collected at the main locations of the Yana River basin. New data on the quantitative and percentage ratio of mammoth fauna species at the Khaastaakh locality are presented, as well as some morphometric indicators for a fragmented fossil bison body. For a comprehensive study of the localities, various methods of paleogeographic reconstructions were used, including paleontological, palynological and radiocarbon analyses. These methods were aimed at identifying temporal patterns of variability of natural conditions at the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary. The results of the latest findings supplement the information on the distribution of representatives of the mammoth fauna in the territory of Yakutia in the late Pleistocene and Holocene.

Finite Element numerical program applied to the airfield pavement behavior to determine the damage mechanisms of pavement structures under high intensity loads and to determine the critical response has been investigated. This investigation on airfield pavements confirms that six-wheels bogies for aircraft or tridem axles of heavy weights on road pavement mainly create longitudinal cracking due to the maximum transverse strains, while four-wheels bogie for aircraft or tandem axles mainly create transverse cracking due to the maximum longitudinal strains such as in road pavements. The modelling was based on quasi-static comparisons of landing gear configurations. These analyses provided data on the effects of interference when changing the distance between wheels or supports, comparisons between different landing gear configurations of the A340, B777 and their main competitors. A multi-layer linear model is proposed considering the design of flexible pavement, which will be more rational than the current CBR method.

The article considers the potential for fuel and energy savings through the integration of heat pump units (HPUs) into the existing thermal power generation scheme of the Yakutsk combined heat and power plant (CHP). Currently, one of the promising energies saving technologies is heat pump units (HPU). The Yakutsk CHP, with a total thermal output capacity of 450 Gcal/h, currently relies on five hot water boilers: two KVGM-100 units, two PTVM-100 units, and one PTVM-50 unit. According to the United Cycle (UC) program, a thermal scheme simulation was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating HPUs. The study examined two operational modes: (1) with HPU operation and (2) without HPU operation. Heat load calculations were performed for both modes, analyzing boiler operation and HPUs’ performance. The results demonstrate that integrating HPUs into the thermal scheme leads to a reduction in boiler plant. When preheating return mains water at 10°C, the HPUs achieve a thermal load of 55.6 Gcal/h, representing 12.3% of the total heat generation capacity. The article determined that by employing HPUs for boiler unloading, fuel consumption can be reduced by 12.4%. These findings highlight the effectiveness of integrating HPUs into the Yakutsk CHP scheme, presenting a viable approach to improving fuel efficiency and reducing operational costs

The recent failure of attempts to extract the rotational energy of the Earth by unipolar induction methods suggests a need for further research on unipolar induction. It is implied by the special relativity theory that the interaction of electric charge and magnet in unaccelerated motion depends only on the relative rate. The electromotive force of unipolar induction in a complete electrical circuit depends only on the relative rotation of the magnet and the connected through slide contacts voltmeter. To ascertain if the electric field resulting from the magnet’s rotation in an inertial frame of reference or in a frame of reference rotating in a magnetic field is the result of absolute or relative rotation, it is necessary to measure the field. For this purpose, the paper introduces the experiment with the relative rotation of a ring-shaped magnet and a cylindrical capacitor. The capacitor is permanently connected through sliding contacts to the electrostatic meter. The electrostatic meter detects the potential difference on the capacitor while the magnet or capacitor is being rotated. The measurements showed that the potential difference on the capacitor is depends not on the capacitor rotating in case of a stationary magnet or a magnet rotating while the capacitor is stationary. It is close to zero when the capacitor rotates with the magnet. According to the research results, the interaction of the electric charge and magnet in the nonrelativistic case depends on the relative rotation rate. This interaction is described by the Lorentz formula

The migration of point defects in metals contributes to the transfer of mass and energy during plastic deformation, heat treatment, irradiation, etc. In this regard, the study of such physical processes of nonlinear dynamics of the crystal lattice of metals is an urgent task. In this paper, the dynamics of 2-crowdion and the processes of energy transfer in tungsten are studied, aimed at understanding the mechanisms of defect formation and energy dissipation under extreme temperatures and pressures. It is known that crystal lattices accumulate a large number of defects under external influence, such as vacancies, dislocations, and grain boundaries. All these defects create internal stress fields that will affect the dynamics of crowdions. Using the methods of molecular dynamic modeling and embedded atom model, the propagation of 2-crowdions in a three-dimensional structure was studied. The main results show that the formation of 2-crowdions occurs at critical values of the excitation energy and depends on the initial configuration of the system, where 2-crowdions initiate chain processes of energy transfer through the atomic lattice. It is revealed that the depth of passage of the 2-crowdion linearly depends on the magnitude of the initial energy. The obtained spatiotemporal characteristics of the energy distribution demonstrate the role of 2-crowdions in the local concentration of energy and its subsequent transfer through atomic bonds, which leads to the formation of point defects. These results are important for the design of new radiation-resistant materials, as they help predict the material’s resistance to high-energy influences. The work contributes to the understanding of the physical foundations of energy dissipation and the behavior of defects in refractory materials used in thermonuclear fusion and other high-temperature processes

Numbers are an important cognitive category in any culture of language thus attracting the research interest. This article depicts the author’s view of the structure of the concept of number and introduces the methods to explore it drawing on the example of the Chinese culture of language. The concept of number is a metaconcept. The concept under analysis comprises the core and the periphery and enjoys a layered structure. It consists of a collection of certain number-concepts (subconcepts) which are relevant for the culture of language at hand. The subconcepts go in layers. It is important that the quantity of number-concepts in any culture of language is limited. Therefore, the quantity of the layers in the concept of number also is limited. The numbers that are most relevant for the culture belong to the core of the concept, and the less relevant numbers pertain to the close and far periphery. Thus, the metaconcept of number is an arrangement of specific subconcepts. The study of the number metaconcept shall only be available through the study of each individual subconcept. A specific number-concept (subconcept) also contains a core and a periphery of its own. As opposed to a metaconcept, the core of a subconcept is represented by its notional elements and the periphery accommodates its figurative and axiological components. Such an approach correlates with the “from-the-objective-to-the-subjective” principle. In the Chinese culture of language the core of the number metaconcept includes such layers (subconcepts) as the concepts of numbers two, three, five, one, ten thousand. The periphery of the number metaconcept is represented by the subconcepts of the numbers pertaining to the first ten which are not included in the core as well as other seventeen layers. In the conclusion of the article the author draws parallels between the structures of the number concept and matter in the physical universe

The topicality and significance of the research are substantiated by the fact that the hemeronyms of the Sakha language periodicals are characterised by stable changes. The novelty of the research consists of the first attempt in the Yakut press and journalism to comprehend and systematise the titles of regional newspapers and periodicals as independent units, considering the functional specificity of the titles in the communicative processes. Nevertheless, we suggest that titles have been overlooked due to their contradictory communicative status. In this article our purpose is to identify the specificity of the titles of Yakut newspapers and periodicals of the Stalinist System (1930-1959), the era of Stagnation (1960-1990) and the post-Soviet transformation (from 1991 to the present day). For this purpose, it is necessary to explain the following main tasks: to review the history of the Yakut periodical press from 1930 to the present period, to explain the relevance of the hemeronyms of Yakut periodicals to the socio-political, economic, sociocultural processes and to analyse the quantitative ratio of the hemeronyms. This research is based on the combination of historical-typological analysis with the main methods of onomastics as a branch of linguistics – structural, comparative and statistical. The use of key meanings and key words allows for a comparison of the evolution of periodical titles throughout history. Therefore, the title of the Sakha language periodical press evolved in the 1930s, 1960s, and 1990s. Basically, these years provided the hemeronyms of the periodical press in Yakutia specific onomastic realities. In these days, the regional periodicals have become available online due to the development of digital technologies, making it of great advantage for the inhabitants of the republic. In our opinion, the identification of specific features of regional periodicals is one of the bases on which the aspects of the research of media hemeronyms are based. Meanwhile, new challenges are bringing new approaches to the solution

The article focuses on specifics of cultural transfer in William M. Thackeray’s fairy-tale “The Rose and the Ring” and its comparative analysis of Russian and Armenian translation with special reference to authorial moral-pedagogical direct contextual comments, as well as culturally-marked units specific for only the given (Victorian period) socio-cultural dimension. The translation of children’s literature is a complex, multifaceted process and its moral-educational philosophy needs to be transmitted within spatio-temporal domain through incorporation of theoretical - methodological strategies. One cannot fail to observe that one of the mainstreams of literary revival is the cultural transfer (material or non-material), as well as the art of translation, which, undoubtedly played essential role in the literary traditions through centuries. The analysis has shown that the Armenian version of the fairy-tale was done through the paradigm of the Russian translation as mediated text, which elucidates certain modifications due to linguistic-cultural usus. The triple procedure of cultural transfer (English-Russian-Armenian) presents the assembly of accumulated cultural layers in the Armenian version which on the one hand aims at transferring “new” ideas in the target culture and on the other hand for the smoothness of reception. So, the thematic kernel of the fairy- tale is preserved in translations, the socio-cultural and linguo-cognitive peculiarities are adapted due to the given areal. The comparative analysis revealed that the mechanisms of cultural transfer were implemented through 1/direct contextual proximity for universal, neutral concepts and 2/ cultural adaptation/alteration for target reader-oriented purpose

The article focuses on the texts of dedicatory inscriptions in the private library of the Crimean Professor of literature A.I. Gubar that were left by the recipients in the Ukrainian language. The topicality of the study is primarily dictated by the constant scientific interest in various forms of creative interactions between writers and the increasing attention to the communicative aspects of text analysis. The purpose of the research is to consider inscriptions on the example of a separate library collection from the point of view of communicative components of this type of texts and to solve a number of problems related to the study of structural components of inscriptions due to different situations of giving. The paper is based on the descriptive and analytical approaches, the methods of component, contextual and comparative analyses were applied. It is pointed that book inscription is related to dialogueness as a communicative act, and the texts of inscriptions preserved in books are presented as unique lines of interpersonal dialogues of different addressees, addressed to one addressee (less often to two). Some of these inscriptions are characterised by a brief speech, etiquette and formality which is especially significant in inscriptions of the same author. The texts become more extended examples of convivial, creative, scientific, and etc. communication between the author and addressee. One of the markers of attitudes in the analysed texts are the participants' names, and include eloquent proper nouns and descriptive constructions, besides various forms of proper names. Dedicatory inscriptions in the books of A. I. Gubar’s library collection provide new information about a dialogue based on common interests, respect, and gratitude. These inscriptions are also a valuable source for studying Crimean literary life from the second half of the XX century to the first years of the XXI century. A special place in the corpus of dedicatory inscriptions is dedicated to Russian language inscriptions with inserts in Ukranian. Inscriptions deserve independent research due to revealing the tradition of developing in Crimean literary circles not only interpersonal, but also intercultural dialogue.

The mythological worldview of the writer has become a characteristic feature of modern Altai literature. It is caused both by the traditional life and by the processes of self-identity and the rise of the national self-determination, which started in the post-Soviet period of the 1990s. In the fiction world picture of modern Altai writers, the key postulates of the folk worldview are still pivotal. It creates the ideological and moral core of the structure of the fiction work. Preserved in traditional culture, they are aimed at reflecting the idea of the unity of man and nature, and represented through the motives of relationship with the native land, return, memory, unconsciousness, and etc. Altai is one of the central images, represented not just on the local background space, but also on a frequent occasion as an active character. The image of Altai retains its religious and mystical content in the contemporary Altai literature. It is being filled with spiritual and moral significance intended for ecological, moral and ethical education of the new generation of the Altai people. Pain and anxiety for the fate of the homeland at the turn of the centuries is revealed in the presence of eschatological notes. The purpose of this paper is to study the mythopoetic world picture in artistic works written at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. The relevance of the study consists in the special interest to the sacred knowledge, history and culture of the Altai people, associated with the desire to preserve and implement the cultural memory of the people. The novelty of the study is due to the insufficient attention on the part of literary scholars to contemporary Altai literature. In particular, to contemporary history, while similar researches are necessary for understanding the current state and prospects for the further development of cultural memory.

The article is concerned with certain issues of studying the archive fund of I. D. Vinokurov- Chagylgan (31.07.1914-9.09.1952), one of the prominent representatives of Yakut literature during Soviet period. The archival funds of Yakut writers as a particular historical and cultural phenomenon constitute a valuable research material from the point of view of literary and historical studies, source studies, and archaeography. The thematic justification of the study is based on the revealing and introduction into the scientific use of the new archival materials, and also due to the insufficient research the literary heritage of the well-known writer. The purpose and objectives of the research are focused on the scientific commentaries of the previously published and unpublished literary texts by I. D. Vinokurov (poems) preserved in the manuscript collection of the YSC SB RAS. It is about establishing the specificity and variability of the available archival material (draft and fair autographs, handwritten and typewritten texts), determining the importance and significance of the works in the history of Yakut literature, and further research of the creative heritage. Excluding detailed philological and textological analyses of the works and focusing on commenting the handwritten texts. The textological description of the material is explained with reference to the numbers of collections, aids, holding items that will considerably facilitate the future researcher’s efforts of I. D. Vinokurov’s creative heritage. Certain features of the creative origin of the major poetic texts are established by the research. The fact that for the first time in the history of literary studies of Yakutia scientific commentaries for I. D. Vinokurov’s handwritten texts are presented is the valuable results of the scientific article. The historical and literary, system and typological, textological methods were used. The possible prospects for further elaboration of the issues were updated.

In the given article the statement about the special author’s vision of the events of the Crimean War presented in “The Sevastopol Sketches” by L.N. Tolstoy is concept-forming. This thesis exists as the axiom in studies of L. N. Tolstoy’s “The Sevastopol Sketches” from the moment of their writing to the present day. In order to clarify the writer’s position, to concretize its differences with the generally accepted point of view, “The Sevastopol Sketches” are compared with the official military chronicle, published in the section “Military Sheet” on the pages of the newspaper “Russky Invalid”, journalistic and literary works about the defense of Sevastopol by L.N. Tolstoy’s contemporaries: essays by V. A. Kokorev “The Way of Sevastopol defenders” (1858) and A. N. Suponev “Stories about the Sevastopol people” (1904), the story by I. I. Mitropolsky “Sinop cabin boy” (1917). It is noted that cycle by L. N. Tolstoy, with its photographic naturalism of the everyday life of the besieged city, contrasts with the major and solemn tone of the publications of “Russky Invalid”, emphasized the folk nature of the war; the sufferings of human bodies – with the ceremonial splendor of military marches; the natural human sense of self-preservation and fear, does not exclude, however, the ability to die for the Fatherland, – with romanticized heroism of “Russky Invalid”. Conceptual differences in the depiction of the Crimean War, the defense of Sevastopol in the works of L. N. Tolstoy and his contemporaries is considered. In the notes by V. A. Kokorev, “Stories about the Sevastopol people” by A. N. Suponev, the Crimean War has a religious character; Sevastopol defenders’ deed is moral pattern and spiritual ancestor for Russian people. In “The Sevastopol Stories” by L.N. Tolstoy, war is senseless and contrary to human nature. This leitmotif of the cycle sets the tone for following works about the defense of the city (“Sinop cabin boy” by I. I. Mitropolsky). The inclusion of “The Sevastopol Sketches” in the historical and cultural context of 19th century reveals, however, not only differences, but also essential similarities in the concept of war of L. N. Tolstoy and his contemporaries. L.N. Tolstoy, like V.A. Kokorev, sees the guarantee of a person’s spiritual rebirth in the renunciation of selfish, vain aspirations, in a general, communal sense of participation in great history.

The article is devoted to the analysis and classification of anthropoiconyms of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Despite the fact that the considered group of toponyms is one of the most widely represented in the toponymic system of the region, today oikonyms formed from personal names, surnames and nicknames are poorly studied, this is due to the relevance of the study. The novelty of the work is predetermined by the coverage of anthropoiconyms, the level of the analysis and the attempt made to classify them according to the lexico-semantic principle. As a result of the study, the following most common lexical and semantic groups were described: 1) names derived from personal names, surnames and nicknames of the first settlers, land owners, local residents and historical figures; 2) memorial names and dedication names; 3) names on behalf of the first ancestor, generic name. The most numerous is the first group of anthropoiconyms: there are many settlements on the territory of Yakutia, whose names are formed from both Russian and Yakut personal names, surnames and nicknames. The second group consists of names of geographical objects in honor of outstanding personalities of the era, most often Soviet. The third group includes oiconyms with ancient archaic foundations, mostly of Yakut origin, formed according to the anthroponym – genonym – anthropoiconym model. The prospect of research is seen in a detailed study of the horonyms formed from genoiconyms (congeneric names), using the example of the naslegs of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

The study of T. Smetanin’s writings has begun in the 1970s since N. Z. Kopyrin’s monograph ‘Timofei Smetanin: Life and Work’ (1976) and has continued to the current day. The interest to the works of the versatilely talented writer does not disappear. Timofei Egorovich Smetanin (1919-1947) lived a short life, he died only at the age of 27, but he was able to keep a rich creative heritage. Т. Smetanin was successfully writing in diversity genres of fiction literature. He was known as children’s book writer, frontline poet, prose writer and screenwriter. The study of his work becomes relevant not only in the context of the 105th anniversary of the writer’s birth and the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War, but in order to create a complete picture of the history and development of Yakut literature, and the contribution of the talented writer into it. The purpose of the research is to reveal the contribution of Timofei Smetanin to the development of Yakut literature. T. Smetanin’s writings had huge importance for Yakut readers and inspired the martial spirit of Yakut soldiers. On his works several generations of children were raised, and today his works are still alive. He created his own specific writing style - it includes romantic images, easy syllable, humorous narration and optimistic pathos.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the representation of structures mentioning trees (dendronyms) with negative connotations in the lyrics of Anna Akhmatova. The author’s individual model of perception of the plant world is reconstructed, the image of a tree as a mediator is recreated, making a connection between the “living” and “dead”, the “upper” and “lower” world. The complexes of negative connotations interpreting the traditional meanings of dendronyms in the context of individual author’s perception, taking into account the frequency of use of certain phytonyms, are determined; the lexical and grammatical specifics of the textual representation of the surrounding world through dendronyms are revealed. The main tools of semantic interpretation of the image of a tree through the systems of “metaphorization of nature” and “psychological landscape” are highlighted. The priorities in the interpretation of the traditional symbolism of trees and shrubs are systematized through a complex of stable themes and motifs: the deformation of a love feeling, reflection after parting, the image of illness as a negative effect of the gap between the human world and the natural world, the image of death, the image of war. The main points of the use of dendronyms are highlighted: psychoemotional, geographical, biographical, existing within the framework of negative evaluative constructions, a classification of floral vocabulary is given, the lexico-semantic group “Trees and shrubs” is considered in detail. The differences in the interpretation and use of various subgroups of dendronyms are systematized: “Wild trees and shrubs”, “Fruit-bearing trees and shrubs”, the thesis of a predominantly urban landscape in the lyrics of Anna Akhmatova is confirmed. It describes the space of a garden, park, manor park and landscape architecture. Conclusions are drawn about the individual author’s model of the artistic world, taking into account the structures containing trees and shrubs in the nomination, the main trends in the functioning of floral vocabulary in the poetic text are highlighted, taking into account the level of metaphorization of phytonyms and the concept of “psychological landscape”, which expressing the feelings and emotions of characters through the name of plants in the fiction text.

This article is devoted to the problem of the gluttonic picture of the world and its implementation in the form of Japanese gluttonic discourse as a phenomenon with high communicative significance. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that detailing the ethnocultural specificity of the sign reflection of the gluttonic aspect of the ligvosemiotic picture of the world helps to improve intercultural understanding and strengthen ties between different communities. The study is also of interest due to the small number of studies in this area and the growing interest in the study of gluttonic discourse, which is one of the most important types of communication. The purpose of the study is to identify the presentation specificity of Japanese gluttonic communication using culinary anime as an example. As a result of the study, we come to the conclusion that the presentation function of anime is realized through gluttony signs as a means of influencing society and, therefore, forms dominant cultural preferences and gastronomic stereotypes of behavior. In anime, there is a clear consistency of non-verbal means with verbal components that allow us to interpret the image. The presentation of anime is realized through adjectives and adverbs that convey a clearly expressed positive assessment when describing the taste of a dish, its texture and other qualities, which may include descriptions of dishes, the general atmosphere, relationships with other participants in the discourse. Color, which builds an associative series, additional graphic elements and sound accompaniment, acquires special significance in the presentation of gluttony signs in anime. Moreover, the setting of the frame, the use of a close-up, as well as quickly changing pictures become an additional means of artistic impact on the viewer, enhancing the effect of gluttony communication.

Irony, acting as a heterogeneous phenomenon in language, has attracted the attention of many researchers and philosophers since Antiquity. In the course of this study we identified its main features and established that irony is an artistic form of evaluative depiction of reality, the distinctive feature of which is a hidden ridicule opposed to the literal meaning of what is said. This feature of irony is an important tool for revealing many social and philosophical problems in the works of writers and poets of all times, which explains its integral role in the development of fiction literature. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin is one of the most prominent representatives of the satirical-ironic direction in Russian literature of the XIX century. This article is devoted to the analysis and systematisation of lexical and syntactic means of creating irony in the works of M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin through the study of the writer’s early and late works and the identification of his ideological position towards the social situation of Russia at that time. On the basis of the method of philological analysis of the text and the method of comparison there is a detailed description of each identified means of expression of ironic modality in the writer’s satirical tales, as well as in his novel “The History of One City”. The example of his works shows irony in the form of sarcastic and sharp mockery, which indicates the democratic nature of the writer’s ideas and his hatred of autocracy. This work has an important linguistic and general cultural nature. The results and materials of the research can be used in linguographic practice, in the process of teaching courses on linguistic and cultural studies, Russian as a foreign (non-native) language in Russian and foreign universities.